2010年7月7日 星期三

Jumbo/Giant Frame Support on Catalyst Switches Configuration Example

Jumbo/Giant Frame Support on Catalyst Switches Configuration Example

Document ID: 24048



Introduction

This document provides a sample configuration for Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) sizes supported across all of the Cisco Catalyst-series switches on Ethernet-based ports.

Note: This document does not address interfaces such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Packet over SONET (POS), and Token Ring.

Prerequisites

Requirements

Ensure that you meet these requirements before you attempt this configuration:

Understand MTU

Have knowledge of jumbo and baby giants

Components Used

The information in this document is based on these software and hardware versions:

Catalyst 6x00 / Cisco 7600 OSR Series

Catalyst 4000/4500 Series

Catalyst 3750/3560 Series

Catalyst 3550 Series

Catalyst 2970/2960 Series

Catalyst 2950 Series

Catalyst 2940 / Catalyst Express 500 Series

Catalyst 8500 Series

Catalyst 5000 Series

Catalyst 2900XL/3500XL Series

Catalyst 2948-L3/4908G-L3 Series

Catalyst 1900/2800 Series

Note: In all the examples in this document, unless specifically mentioned, all values that quote MTU in bytes omit the 18 bytes for the Ethernet header and Frame Check Sequence (FCS).

The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command.

Conventions

Refer to the Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions.

Background Information

This section describes the basic terminology that this document uses. This section also explains the background theory for the configurations in this document.

Term Definitions

MTU: MTU is short for Maximum Transmission Unit, the largest physical packet size, measured in bytes, that a network can transmit. Any messages larger than the MTU are divided into smaller packets before transmission.

Jumbo: Jumbo frames are frames that are bigger than the standard Ethernet frame size, which is 1518 bytes (including Layer 2 (L2) header and FCS). The definition of frame size is vendor-dependent, as these are not part of the IEEE standard.

Baby giants: The baby giants feature allows a switch to pass or forward packets that are slightly larger than the IEEE Ethernet MTU. Otherwise, the switch declares big frames as oversize and discards them.

Background Theory

In order to transport traffic across switched-networks, ensure that transmitted traffic MTU does not exceed the MTU that the switch platforms support. Here are the reasons why the MTU size of certain frames is truncated:

Vendor-specific requirements: Applications and some Network Interface Cards (NICs) can specify an MTU size outside of the standard 1500 bytes. Much of this drive has been due to studies undertaken, which prove that an increase in the size of an Ethernet frame can increase average throughput.

Trunking: In order to carry VLAN-ID information between switches or other network devices, trunking has been employed to augment the standard Ethernet frame. Today, the two most common forms of trunking are Cisco's proprietary InterSwitch Link (ISL) encapsulation and IEEE 802.1q. Refer to these documents for more information on trunking:

InterSwitch Link Frame Format

Basic Characteristics of 802.q Trunking

MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS): When you enable MPLS on an interface, MPLS can also augment the frame size of a packet, depending on the number of labels in the Label stack for an MPLS-tagged packet. The total size of a label is four bytes. The total size of a label stack is n x 4 bytes. If a label stack is formed, the frames can exceed the MTU.

Configure

In this section, you are presented with the information to configure the features described in this document.

Note: Use the Command Lookup Tool ( registered customers only) to obtain more information on the commands used in this section.

Configurations

This document uses these configurations:

Catalyst 6x00 / Cisco 7600 OSR Series

Catalyst 4000/4500 Series

Catalyst 3750/3560 Series

Catalyst 3550 Series

Catalyst 2970/2960 Series

Catalyst 2950 Series

Catalyst 2940 / Catalyst Express 500 Series

Catalyst 8500 Series

Catalyst 5000 Series

Catalyst 2900XL/3500XL Series

Catalyst 2948-L3/4908G-L3 Series

Catalyst 1900/2800 Series

Catalyst Support for Maximum Frame Sizes

The ability of the various Catalyst switches to support various frame sizes depends on many factors, including the hardware and software. Note that certain modules can support larger frame sizes than others, even within the same platform. Additionally, maximum frame size support can also change depending on the software version you use.

Catalyst 6000/6500 / Cisco 7600 OSR Series

The Catalyst 6000 series and 7600 Optical Services Router (OSR) platform can support jumbo frame sizes as of release 6.1(1) of CatOS, and 12.1(1)E for Native IOS. However, this is dependent on the type of line cards that you use. There are generally no restrictions to enable the jumbo frame size feature. You can use this feature with trunking/non-trunking and channeling/non-channeling.

The default MTU size is 9216 bytes after you enable jumbo frame support on the individual port. However, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) limitation requires that you limit the MTU size to 8092 bytes on these 10/100-based line cards:

WS-X6248-RJ-45

WS-X6248A-RJ-45

WS-X6248-TEL

WS-X6248A-TEL

WS-X6348-RJ-45

WS-X6348-RJ-45V

WS-X6348-RJ-21

The WS-X6516-GE-TX is also affected at 100 Mbps. At 10/1000 Mbps, up to 9216 bytes can be supported. However, the WS-X6548-RJ-45 line card is not affected, as this line card uses newer ASICs.

Note: Jumbo frame support is available on WS-X6101 ATM modules.

Configure in CatOS

Cat6509≶ (enable) set port jumbo
Usage: set port jumbo
Cat6509> (enable) set port jumbo 1/1 enable
Jumbo frames enabled on port 1/1.
Cat6509> (enable) 2002 May 29 12:34:35 %PAGP-5-PORTFROMSTP:
Port 1/1 left bridge port 1/1
2002 May 29 12:34:38 %PAGP-5-PORTTOSTP:Port 1/1 joined bridge port 1/1
Verify in CatOS

Cat6509> (enable) show port jumbo
Jumbo frames MTU size is 9216 bytes.
Jumbo frames enabled on port(s) 1/1,9/1.
Configure Native IOS

7609(config)#int gigabitEthernet 1/1
7609(config-if)#mtu ?
<1500-9216> MTU size in bytes

7609(config-if)#mtu 9216
Verify in Native IOS

7609#show interfaces gigabitEthernet 1/1
GigabitEthernet1/1 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is C6k 1000Mb 802.3, address is 0007.0d0e.640a (bia 0007.0d0e.640a)
MTU 9216 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255

The port ASICs on the Catalyst 6000 count as oversized, which are those frames greater than 1548 bytes but less than the configured jumbo MTU. It uses the rxOversizedPkts counter to track these frames in the output from the show counter command. In this case, the ifInErrors counter value increments and can equal the number of rxOversizedPkts packets value in the show counter command output. On a Catalyst 6000 that runs Cisco Integrated IOS (Native Mode), use the show interface command to check whether the input errors counter increments along with giant counters on the interface that receives these frames.

Note: There is no relationship between the MTU value that you can specify in the VLAN database and the mtu command in the interface configuration mode. With the VLAN database setting, the switch checks for an MTU value greater than 1500. If the switch detects a higher value, puts the VLAN in a non-operational state. Therefore, to support large frames, you only need to change the interface MTU value and not the VLAN database MTU value. If SVI is used, then in order to support large frames, you must increase the MTU on the SVI to route the traffic between VLANs . Refer to the Configure Jumbo Frame Support section of Configuring Interfaces for more information about Jumbo Frame support on the Catalyst 6500.

Catalyst 4000/4500 Series

You can classify the Catalyst 4000/4500 series switches into two groups in relation to jumbo or baby giant support:

Devices that run CatOS system software

Devices that run Cisco IOS system software

Devices running CatalystOS system software

This group includes the Catalyst 4000/4500 devices with Supervisor I and Supervisor II, WS-C2948G, WS-C2980G, and the WS-C4912G fixed-configuration switches also. Due to an ASIC limitation, there is no support for baby giants.

Workaround

As a workaround, you can enable a port for trunking in order to support baby giants. When you enable a port for 802.1q trunking, the switch automatically assumes that an extra four bytes of data are appended on, and increment the frame size of the L2 packet. Note that ISL encapsulation is not supported on these platforms.

Hence, for implementations that require exactly one tag to be carried (either 802.1q or MPLS, but not both), you can configure the port as a trunk port to force the switchport to accept an extra four bytes of data. If the port were to carry multiple VLANs for VLAN-ID tagging or 802.1p prioritization, configure the port as a 802.1q trunk. However, even if VLAN tagging is not necessary, but you want the increased four-byte support, you can configure the port as a 802.1q trunk. Change the Native VLAN to be the one desired to carry the traffic. When you do so, you can accommodate an extra four bytes of data.

Devices running Cisco IOS system software

The Cisco Catalyst 4000/4500 devices with Supervisors, which run only Cisco IOS, currently support baby giants up to 1600 byte-sized frames and jumbo frames. Refer to Troubleshooting Baby Giant/Jumbo Frames in Catalyst 4000/4500 with Supervisor III/IV for more information.

Catalyst 3750/3560 Series

Catalyst 3750/3560 Series switches support an MTU of 1998 bytes for all 10/100 interfaces. All Gigabit Ethernet interfaces support jumbo frames up to 9000 bytes. The default MTU and jumbo frame size is 1500 bytes. You cannot change the MTU on an individual interface. You must set the MTU globally. Reset the switch afterwards for the MTU change to take effect.

Configure

Use the system mtu command to change the MTU for all 10/100 interfaces. This command only effects 10/100 interfaces.

3750(config)# system mtu 1546
3750(config)# exit
3750# reload
Use the system mtu jumbo command to change the MTU for all Gigabit Ethernet interfaces. This command only effects Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces.

3750(config)# system mtu jumbo 9000
3750(config)# exit
3750# reload
Note: Gigabit Ethernet ports are not affected by the system mtu command; 10/100 ports are not affected by the system mtu jumbo command. If you do not configure the system mtu jumbo command, the setting of the system mtu command applies to all Gigabit Ethernet interfaces.

Verify

Use the show system mtu command to view the mtu sizes after reload.

Switch# show system mtu
System MTU size is 1546 bytes
System Jumbo MTU size is 9000 bytes

Note: If Gigabit Ethernet interfaces are configured to accept frames greater than the 10/100 interfaces, jumbo frames that ingress on a Gigabit Ethernet interface and egress on a 10/100 interface are dropped.

Note: When you use dot1q on trunk interface on the Cat3750/3560, you can see runts in the show interface command output because Cat3750/3560 counts valid dot1q encapsulated packets that are 61-64 bytes including the q-tag as undersized frames, even when these packets are forwarded correctly. In addition, these packets are not reported in the appropriate category (unicast, multicast, broadcast) in receive statistics.

Catalyst 3550 Series

You can classify the Catalyst 3550 series Layer 3 (L3) switches into two major groups, where the Gigabit Ethernet versions support up to 2000 bytes and the Fast Ethernet versions support up to 1546 bytes. These models support up to 2000 bytes:

WS-C3550-12G

WS-C3550-12T

Configure

3550(config)#system mtu ?
<1500-2000> MTU size in bytes

3550(config)#system mtu 2000
Changes to the System MTU will not take effect until the next reload is done.
Verify

3550#show system mtu
System MTU size is 2000 bytes
In versions earlier than 12.1(9)EA1, an MTU of 2025 was configurable on these mentioned switches. Due to an ASIC limitation, the configurable MTU has been brought down to 2000 bytes.

These models support up to 1546 bytes:

WS-C3550-24

WS-C3550-24-DC-SMI

WS-C3550-24-EMI

WS-C3550-24-SMI

WS-C3550-48-EMI

WS-C3550-48-SMI

Configure

3550(config)#system mtu ?
<1500-1546> MTU size in bytes

3550(config)#system mtu 1546
Changes to the System MTU will not take effect until the next reload is done.
Verify

3550#show system mtu
System MTU size is 1546 bytes
Note: The MTU size of 1546 does not include the 18 bytes of the standard Ethernet header and FCS. Therefore, these switches actually support Ethernet frames up to 1564 bytes.

Catalyst 2970/2960 Series

The default maximum transmission unit (MTU) size for frames received and transmitted on all interfaces on the switch is 1500 bytes. You can increase the MTU size for all interfaces that operate at 10 or 100 Mbps with the system mtu global configuration command. You can increase the MTU size to support jumbo frames on all Gigabit Ethernet interfaces with the system mtu jumbo global configuration command.

Gigabit Ethernet ports are not affected by the system mtu command; 10/100 ports are not affected by the system mtu jumbo command. If you do not configure the system mtu jumbo command, the setting of the system mtu command applies to all Gigabit Ethernet interfaces.

You cannot set the MTU size for an individual interface; you set it for all 10/100 or all Gigabit Ethernet interfaces on the switch. When you change the system or jumbo MTU size, you must reset the switch before the new configuration takes effect.

Frame sizes that can be received by the switch CPU are limited to 1998 bytes, no matter what value was entered with the system mtu or system mtu jumbo commands. Although frames that are forwarded are typically not received by the CPU, in some cases, packets are sent to the CPU, such as traffic sent to control traffic, SNMP, or Telnet.

If Gigabit Ethernet interfaces are configured to accept frames greater than the 10/100 interfaces, jumbo frames received on a Gigabit Ethernet interface and sent on a 10/100 interface are dropped.

Configure

Use the system mtu command to change the MTU for all 10/100 interfaces. This command only affects 10/100 interfaces.

2970(config)# system mtu 1998
2970(config)# exit
2970# reload
Use the system mtu jumbo command to change the MTU for all Gigabit Ethernet interfaces. This command only affects Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces.

2970(config)# system mtu jumbo 9000
2970(config)# exit
2970# reload
Verify

Use the show system mtu command to view the MTU sizes after reload.

2970# show system mtu
System MTU size is 1998 bytes
System Jumbo MTU size is 9000 bytes
Catalyst 2950/2955 Series

You can classify the Catalyst 2950/2955 Series switches into two major groups, where one supports baby giants (up to 1530 bytes), but the other does not. However, this refers to traffic that flows through the switch. Packets destined to the management (VLAN) interface can support only 1500 bytes.

These models of 2950 switches support only 1500 bytes:

WS-C2950-12

WS-C2950-24

WS-C2950-48

WS-C2950C-24

WS-C2950T-24

These models of 2950/2955 switches support up to 1530 bytes:

WS-C2950G-12-EI

WS-C2950G-24-EI

WS-C2950G-24-EI-DC

WS-C2950G-48

WS-C2950G-48-EI

All models of 2950 LRE Series switches

All models of 2955 Series switches

For those switches that support up to 1530 bytes, the default MTU value is 1500. If you want to change this, use the global configuration command that is available for versions of software above 12.1(6)EA2. Here is sample configuration and verification:

Configure

2950G(config)#system mtu ?
<1500-1530> MTU size in bytes

2950G(config)#system mtu 1530
Verify

2950G#show system mtu
System MTU size is 1530 bytes
Catalyst 2940 / Catalyst Express 500 Series

The System MTU can only be set to 1500 bytes, the default. You cannot set the MTU on a per-interface basis.

Catalyst 8500 Series

Jumbo frame support is available only on some of the two-port enhanced Gigabit Ethernet modules. Additionally, jumbo frame support requires software revision 12.1(7)EY and hardware revision 6.0. Only this hardware revision has a new ASIC that enables you to change the MTU value. In order to identify whether the enhanced two-port Gigabit Ethernet module can support jumbo frames, issue the show controller command.

Verify whether the command output contains one of these values:

Sys Status Register --> 0x15—This value indicates that the E-2PGE port supports jumbo frames.

Sys Status Register --> 0x03—This value indicates that the port does not support jumbo frames.

Here is a sample output:

8500#show controller g3/0/0
IF Name: GigabitEthernet3/0/0
Port Status UP
FPGA Rev : 0.2
Gigabit Ether Status : 0xF (Optical Detect,Rx Sync,Link UP)
Mode Parallel Register : 0x0
Serial Mode Register : 0x0
Link Interrupt Enable : 0x1
Tx Disable : 0x0
Internal Reset Trigger Count : 0

Slicer registers
SMDR 0xFF78 SSTR 0x1202 SSMR 0x4002 EVER 0x3001
SIMR 0x0000 MBXW 0x0000 MBXR 0x0000 SPER 0xF000

F000 chan0 chan1 chan2 chan3 sstr 1202
0006 0006 0006 0006
task0 61 61 61 61
task1 789 789 789 789
task2 61 61 61 61
task3 789 789 789 789

GCR = 0x4 GICR = 0x2403

MII registers:

Direct Access:
Control Register (0x0): 0x1140
Status Register (0x1): 0x16D
Auto Neg. Advt. Register (0x4): 0x1A0
Auto Neg. Partner Ability Reg (0x5): 0x4020
TR_IPG_TIME Register (0x10): 0x7
PAUSE_TIME Register 1 (0x11): 0x100
PAUSE_TIME Register 2 (0x12): 0x18
PAUSE_SA1 Register (0x13): 0x0
PAUSE_SA2 Register (0x14): 0x0
PAUSE_SA3 Register (0x15): 0x0
PAUSE_DA1 Register (0x16): 0x180
PAUSE_DA2 Register (0x17): 0xC200
PAUSE_DA3 Register (0x18): 0x1
Pause Upper Watermark Reg. (0x19): 0x7800
Pause Lower Watermark Reg. (0x1A): 0x8C00
TX FIFO Watermark Register (0x1B): 0x40
Memory Address Register (0x1C): 0xF009
Sync Status Address Register (0x1D): 0x40
Sys Status Register (0x1E): 0x15
Sys Control Register (0x1F): 0xFFDA

Indirect Access:
Pause Frame Sent Counter(L)(0xF000): 0x0
Here are the model numbers that support these jumbo frames:

C85EGE-2X-16K

C85EGE-2X-64K

C85EGE-2X-256K

Additionally, the ATM Router Module 2 (C8540-ARM2) also supports a configurable MTU. The maximum configurable MTU on the ARM 2 is 17976 bytes.

Configure

8500(config)#int atm 12/0/0
8500(config-if)#mtu ?
<64-17976> MTU size in bytes

8500(config-if)#mtu 17976
Verify

8500#show int ATM 12/0/0
ATM12/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is arm2_port, address is 0090.2141.b077 (bia 0090.2141.b077)
SVC idle disconnect time: 300 seconds
MTU 17976 bytes, sub MTU 17976, BW 1000000 Kbit,
DLY 10 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Catalyst 5000 Series

As of version 6.2(1) of the CatOS software, all ports or modules (with the exceptions stated in this section), support the default jumbo frame size up to and including 9216 bytes. Here is an example to enable jumbo frames:

Configure

Cat5000> (enable) set port jumbo
Usage: set port jumbo
Cat5000> (enable) set port jumbo 5/1 enable
Jumbo frames enabled on port 5/1.
Cat5000> (enable) set port jumbo 3/1 enable
Feature not supported on port 3/1.
Verify

Cat5000> (enable) show port jumbo ?
Usage: show port jumbo
Cat5000> (enable) show port jumbo
Jumbo frames enabled on port(s) 6/1-2,7/1-8.
If you cannot enable the jumbo frame feature on some ports at system startup time, the Command Line Interface (CLI) displays a line that the system failed to enable the jumbo frame feature on those ports. This means that the feature is user enabled in NonVolatile RAM (NVRAM), but operationally disabled on the line card.

Console> (enable) show port jumbo
Jumbo frames enabled on port(s) 6/1-2.
Enabling of jumbo frames failed on port(s) 7/1-8.
Other Considerations

Trunking: When a port is in trunking mode, the jumbo frame feature is automatically enabled on that port. When the port is not in trunking mode, the jumbo frame setting on that port returns to the original setting that you set. If you try to disable the jumbo frame feature on a trunk port, the port still passes jumbo frames until you turn off trunking.

Port channeling: Channeling ports need to have the same jumbo frame setting on each port.

Cat5000> (enable) show port jumbo
Jumbo frames enabled on port(s) 6/1-2,7/1-8.
Cat5000> (enable) set port jumbo 6/1 disable
Jumbo frames disabled on port 6/1.
Cat5000> (enable) set port chan 1/1-2 on
Port(s) 1/1-2 are assigned to admin group 9.
Port(s) 1/1-2 channel mode set to on.
Cat5000> (enable) set port jumbo 1/1 enable
Jumbo frames enabled on port 1/1-2.
Restrictions

10/100 UTP-based line cards support a maximum frame size of only 8092 bytes due to an ASIC limitation.

The nine-port Gigabit Ethernet line card (WS-X5410) does not support the jumbo frame feature due to an ASIC limitation. For a workaround to enable support for MPLS-tagged frames, see the Workaround in the Catalyst 4000 Series section of this document.

Jumbo frame support is currently not available on ATM modules for the Catalyst 5500 series switches.

Catalyst 2900XL/3500XL Series

The Catalyst 2900XL/3500XL series switches are able to support up to the MTU size of 2018 bytes as of version 12.0(5.2)XU. There is no support for a full jumbo frame. You can configure the MTU size on a per-interface basis. You can perform this configuration on all 10/100/1000 interfaces.

Configure

3500XL(config)#int fastEthernet 0/3
3500XL(config-if)#mtu ?
<1500-2018> MTU size in bytes

3500XL(config-if)#mtu 2018
Verify

3500XL#sh interfaces fastEthernet 0/3
FastEthernet0/3 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is Fast Ethernet, address is 0007.85b8.6983 (bia 0007.85b8.6983)
MTU 2018 bytes, BW 0 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, reliability 255/255,
txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Note: Currently, the Catalyst 2900LRE-XL switches do no support frame sizes larger than 1536 bytes signaling connection due to limitations on the CPE device.

A Catalyst 2900XL reports oversized frames when Catalyst 2900XL receives a legal max-size Ethernet frame encapsulated or tagged for ISL/802.1Q but cannot forward the frame to any other ports. There are many valid reasons why a port receives a packet but does not forwarded the packet to any other ports. For example, packets that a port blocked by Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) receives are not forwarded. This issue is a cosmetic bug with Cisco bug ID CSCdm34557 ( registered customers only) .

Catalyst 2948G-L3/4908G-L3 Series

The Catalyst 2948G-L3 and 4908G-L3 series switches do not support a configurable MTU on either 10/100 or 1000. The MTU is therefore the default, which is 1500 bytes.

Configure

2948G-L3(config)#int gig 49
2948G-L3(config-if)#mtu 2000
% Interface GigabitEthernet49 does not support user settable mtu.
Verify

2948G-L3#sh interfaces gigabitEthernet 49
GigabitEthernet49 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is xpif_port, address is 0004.6e3b.b507 (bia 0004.6e3b.b507)
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
Full-duplex, 1000Mb/s, 1000Base-SX, Auto-negotiation
Catalyst 1900/2820 Series

The ability of Catalyst 1900/2820 series switches to support baby jumbo frames depends on the revision of the switch in question. The older models of the 1900/2820 series switches that were manufactured with a metal casing can support a larger MTU of 1508 bytes to pass through. These frames are also be logged as giant frames in the statistics report, as shown here:

Catalyst 1900 - Port B Statistics Report
Receive Statistics Transmit Statistics
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Total good frames 120 Total frames 262767
Total octets 10041 Total octets 16840696
Broadcast/multicast frames 49 Broadcast/multicast frames 262664
Broadcast/multicast octets 5000 Broadcast/multicast octets 16825351
Good frames forwarded 107 Deferrals 0
Frames filtered 13 Single collisions 3
Runt frames 0 Multiple collisions 0
No buffer discards 0 Excessive collisions 0
Queue full discards 0
Errors: Errors:
FCS errors 0 Late collisions 0
Alignment errors 0 Excessive deferrals 0
Giant frames 5 Jabber errors 0
Address violations 0 Other transmit errors 0
The newer models of the 1900/2820 series switches that were manufactured with a plastic casing can support only a maximum MTU of 1500 bytes. Larger frames are dropped.

Troubleshoot

There is currently no specific troubleshooting information available for this configuration.

加快推進西部鐵路建設

鐵道部:加快推進西部鐵路建設 加大運輸和製造企業扶持力度

 據鐵道部網站消息,鐵道部部長劉志軍近日強調,要加快推進西部鐵路建設,全面提升西部地區鐵路運輸保障能力,加大對西部鐵路運輸企業和製造企業的扶持力度。

他指,按照中央要求,要進一步完善西部鐵路規劃,以加快建設西部地區連接東部地區的出海通道、西南地區連接西北地區的南北通道以及連接周邊國家的國際通道為重點。全面加快西部鐵路項目前期工作,爭取早立項、早開工一批重點項目。要加快在建項目進度,重點抓好滬昆、成渝客運專線和蘭新鐵路第二雙線、宜萬鐵路等重大項目建設進度,爭取早建成、早投產、早見效。

貨運方面,他強調要堅持保電煤、保疏港、保大客戶、保涉農物資,全力保證重點物資運輸,
特別是對新疆棉花、青海化肥、甘肅農副產品、內蒙古煤炭等重點地區和重點物資的運輸要給予全力保證,滿足西部地區運輸需求。此外,他指要加大對西部鐵路裝備製造企業的支持力度,加快企業技術裝備升級換代。

2010年7月6日 星期二

民營品牌價值 企鵝最貴 馬化騰送股益 1500員工

民營品牌價值 企鵝最貴馬化騰送股益 1500員工


如果大陸有良心僱主選舉,華華相信騰訊( 700)嘅馬化騰應該好有機會摘冠,事關佢自己落香港買大屋掃豪宅之餘,亦冇忘記要同員工「共富貴」!
以前都試過送股送期權畀員工嘅騰訊,前日( 7月 5號)又再拎出 366.3萬股出嚟,當獎勵股份咁送畀 1454位員工,呢堆獎勵股份約佔擴大後已發行股本 0.1998%,另外仲授出 193.3萬份購股權,
每股行使價都成 130.4港銀 o架,有效期 7年。騰訊仲話,呢批購股權,公司嘅董事、行政總裁同主要股東都冇份 o架! Well……騰訊噚日收 134.6,員工求神拜佛都希望隻股唔會再俾人洗倉!
講開騰訊,胡潤噚日公佈最新民營品牌榜,騰訊同百度分別以 460億同 430億人仔嘅品牌價值,超越平安保險( 2318)榮登今年嘅冠亞軍。以呢個數字嚟睇, Q哥哥同 Q妹妹呢兩隻企鵝,應該係地球上最價值連城兼受保護嘅動物咯!

如何解決安裝 Windows XP Service Pack 3 問題

Windows XP Service Pack 3 後,Outlook Express 無法啟動的問題


http://support.microsoft.com/kb/960640/zh-tw

理財第一波:供不供股

理財第一波:供不供股


內銀股供股潮一浪接一浪,讀者 Polly問交通銀行( 3328)是否供得過。供股等如買股,每人資產負債收支不同,人供不等如自己要供。
首先供股是公司集資的一種渠道,比配股更能達到集資目的。投資者可以想想,為甚麼那公司要供股?除了供股以外還有甚麼集資方法?如先舊後新配股,或向市場配售全新股份?
供股通常是用於市況不太好的情況,供股的公司會以折讓價向現時股東發售股票,股東可有三種行動:一是行使全部供股權供股;二是把供股權出售;三是放棄供股權。如決定不供股,投資者可在指定時間出售供股權,收回款項比放棄較好。
雖然供股的公司以折讓價售股,但這不表示投資者要買,因為供股後的股價有機會下跌。投資者要考慮,向此公司注入額外資金後的回報如何。此外,加注後個人投資在行業及個別公司的比重會否過高。假如銀行股已佔整體資產 20%,我想供股前要想一想有否其他選擇。
讀者 Polly有 2000股交行,交行 10供 1.5,供股價 5.14元,即是她要付千多元供股。以昨日收市價 8.27元計,供股後理論股價為每股 7.86元。股價下跌的損失被供股的折讓價抵銷,如日後股價升 1元,供股的新股 300股可賺上 300元。

勿忽略供股權機會成本

不供股的股東權益會被攤薄,如果不是持股特別多,攤薄不甚明顯。最重要是此公司是否值得投資?在計算供股後的利潤時,不能以供股價計算,因為此舉會忽略了供股權的機會成本。滙控( 005)供股時我沒有供,把供股權賣掉。雖然滙控升了不少,但同期買了其他股份,加上股息的升幅,可能比供滙控更好。

2010年7月2日 星期五

汪明荃儲屋仔40年 變億萬阿姐

汪明荃儲屋仔40年 變億萬阿姐



「阿姐」汪明荃在熒幕上的形象硬朗、霸氣十足,飾演過野蠻奶奶後,又扮演處事精明的公司秘書Queen姐,但說到投資之道,屬娛樂圈小富婆之一的她卻突然謙稱是「女人仔」,只懂一味買樓投資。但這個女人仔如今已經身家過億,物業佔資產的一半。

那麼女人仔買樓有何心得可以升級做富婆?實情沒有高深莫測的經濟理論,也不用研究社會經濟環境大勢,素來穩陣的阿姐只憑直覺買心頭好。如果買來自住,「我 會坐在單位內望很長時間,想像如果自己住,這條馬路會否好嘈?太陽會否好曬?」若果買來投資,有時甚至不用看,只消聽到地段與價錢合適,便爽快交易。

買時憑直覺,到賣時又沒留意市況,她說有時最終「得個桔」。但畢竟女人仔的買樓投資宗旨是不蝕讓,就可以儲到錢。

阿姐初嘗買樓投資致富的滋味,應追溯至30多年前,當時無綫電視還在九龍塘廣播道,在電視劇《書劍恩仇錄》飾演霍青桐的阿姐已紅透半邊天,和圈中好友已故 藝人「肥姐」沈澱霞,每天經過這條上班下班的街道,看着沿途的樓起完一幢又一幢,便有感而發「我們點解唔買呢?」阿姐於是用登台賺來的酬勞,在TVB對面 的樓盤買了一個細單位,當年的她已懂得買樓不一定是用來自住,而是當儲錢。

供完一間先再供一間

女人仔自有其累積財富之道,別小覷只賺少少的婆仔數,積少可以成多。

阿姐因為工作忙,沒時間留意股市行情,所以從沒涉足股壇,所謂不熟不做,早前不少藝人 在雷曼迷債中受害,阿姐幸運避過一劫,就是因為長情地堅持。她的投資方式就是靠買樓,買完一間才買第二間,由40年前一個細單位開始,到20年前高峰期同 時持有10多個物業,直至今日成為億萬富婆,連銀行也找她來談投資之道。

阿姐接受本刊專訪分享她咱家一套女人仔買樓心得。女人最喜歡講直覺,但買樓如此大件事,阿姐同樣是講直覺,「我個人比較簡單,不會想太多才去做,當時反正 一直有工作,有收入,就有能力供樓。但一定不會同期供很多間,我會供完一層再一層,有收入便提早還款,就可以快點買第二間。」

老套點都要說,無論如何都要量力而為。阿姐在娛樂圈43年,明白藝人收入不穩定,對於投資她常說「最緊要穩陣」,而對數字絕不敏感的她,為穩陣便要有計 算,「要見到自己在該段期間有很多Job和登台,起碼有一舊錢可以付三至四成首期,我才會買樓。買樓不能只做一成首期,借那麼多,怎麼還?好大壓力的。」 不過阿姐說她的家庭負擔也不重,便更有本錢置業。

心頭好多多錢也不賣

縱使有錢買,也要識得賣才有錢賺。阿姐的買樓心水,若作為投資,首要考慮是地段,她喜歡選擇新的地區,如政府發展配合,例如港鐵沿綫,便有較高的升值潛力 和承接力,只要地段好,單位坐向和層數差少許也沒問題。但對於單位面積,則要求是800至1,200平方呎,而這些正是現在市場需求最大的單位。

不過說到自住,阿姐忽然變得感性,「我記得有幾年好鍾意去睇樓,甚麼樓盤都去睇,甚至有時會坐下來望很耐,如果我自己住,這條馬路會否好嘈?太陽會否好 曬?我會坐着很久。」阿姐本身最愛開揚的海景,所以現在西貢的住所最合她心意,千金難買心頭好,即使當年的買入價很貴,現在升值了很多,她也沒想過要賣, 「就算升到一億我都不會賣!」

野蠻奶奶遇上惡租霸

本來買樓是讓阿姐較為安心的投資選擇,但她將部分單位出租時,卻經常換來租霸問題。

阿姐在電視劇集中飾演過不講理的野蠻奶奶,但現實世界遇到租霸比野蠻奶奶更野蠻,令阿姐感到束手無策,試過要發律師信趕走對方,「我覺得租約都不是很有 用,許多時租客已走,請公司幫你收租都不行。欠租時永遠找不到租客,好乞人憎囉!還有,租客欠下許多超市的單都Send來給業主,當然我不需要支付,但還 是覺得很麻煩。」

她覺得這些租霸的惡行足以影響她的投資回報,「麻煩到我要將層樓快點賣掉,如果不是這樣賣,我便真的是富婆了。」阿姐坦言是個很怕煩的人,看到單位惹了麻煩事,索性立即把它賣掉。

但即使再怕煩,阿姐唯一的堅持是絕不蝕讓,「因為買的時候價錢OK,之後一路升,但到放的時候,便因怕煩放得不是時候,可能得個桔,只能當儲了個錢,不會像別人般賺幾倍。」

鍾意便買與樓談戀愛

租霸問題即使不會令阿姐賣樓蝕錢,但不免令她下錯不少決定,甚至曾令她後悔到要出高價回購單位。她解釋說:「那個是隔鄰單位,原本可以跟正在住的單位做相 連單位。後來我將那單位賣了,又感覺不方便,想到不如回購單位用作Rehersal Room吧!怎料對方業主也很犀利,知道我很鍾意,便咬死唔放,無辦法,因為鍾意便要買。」

她笑說:「我都覺得我買樓其實不太理性,不是次次投資都講回報。當初第一個買的單位都在公司附近,後來,我登台去到新加坡,便用所有歌酬來買樓,就這樣逐點逐點的循着自己心意,並不是精明到一定要計回報……買樓主要都是儲錢。」

買樓確實令阿姐的財富增加,甚至多到坊間流傳她擁有過億身家,買樓不用造按揭。爆出這個消息的,其實是她的丈夫羅家英在2006年一次訪問中,漏口風說阿 姐喜歡儲錢,儲夠了便一筆過付款買樓。阿姐在出席名人投資講座聽到主持的提問,連忙否認,「我有造按揭,但不會借太多。」之後她在專訪補充表示,通常會做 五成按揭,年期約4至5年,最長10年,但她怕孭債,所以有時儲到一筆錢便提早還款。

人生最大投資家英哥

不過她說近年差不多再無買樓投資,最近買的物業也只是一個貨倉,供她擺放戲服及綵排之用。她道出沒再買樓的原因,「不想再有壓力了,現在有幾層樓收租都 OK。以我現在的財政狀況,我覺得已經買不起樓了,起碼要2,000、3,000萬,我怎會有這麼多收入呢!現在的工作只會愈來愈少,到了接近退休年 齡……其他那些現正冒起的『阿姐』當然可以買啦!」

年過花甲,行年62歲的阿姐,留給晚年最大的投資是「家英哥」。她在台上回應主持人提到「Liza姐人生最大的投資是家英哥」時,阿姐帶點靦覥回答說:「都應該係啦!到了這個年紀,希望無投資錯誤啦!」

----------------------------------

專家教路Q&A

Q:買樓收租最怕遇上租霸,如何避免?

施永青:除了可以委託管理公司代勞外,業主不妨考慮將租金定得便宜一點,吸引多些有意租樓的人上門,那便有更多租客可供選擇,好過把租金定到很高,卻難找到好租客而被迫接受。所以若想增加揀到好租客的機會,放棄少少租金吧。

Q:常說買樓投資要揀地區,哪些地區是好選擇?

施永青: 第一當然是生產力增長的地區;第二是在同一城市內,政府肯花錢落去的地區,例如增加基建,等於政府幫你整靚個區。像昔日的太古城,屬於筲箕灣, 偏遠又不值錢,曾經有句說話︰「英雄被困筲箕灣,不知何日到中環」。後來政府起東區走廊、地鐵及東隧,太古城便變成受歡迎的地方。至於現在看好哪一區?以 前許多人都說港島區好,但現在愈接近內地愈有優勢,九龍較近內地,預計未來增長相信會快過港島,而內地人最熱門來港買樓地區--西九龍,亦會愈來愈值錢, 樓價愈貴,居民的質素便愈提高。

Q:中國人都希望有樓,但未必人人負擔得來,還有甚麼較接近買樓投資的選擇?

關家明: 有些人愛買樓,希望有舊磚頭摸得到。如果已解決自住需要,要再買物業投資的話,還有很多產品可以選擇,例如買地產公司的股票或債券,可因應個人 喜好選擇要股權、磚頭還是收息。不過,無論選擇買樓還是股票,都「有辣有唔辣」,例如買股票不能擔保這間公司會繼續存在,或每股要派幾多息,但好處是不會 有租客來煩你。

Q:如果我有一筆錢,足夠買4至5間價值200萬至300萬元的樓,或買一至兩間1,000萬至2,000萬元的樓,哪個升值潛力較大?

施永青:貴價樓升值潛力大一點。200萬元至300萬元樓盤的銷售對象通常是打工仔,他們的負擔能力通常受制於收入,而且幾乎成副身家都放在供樓上,供樓 能力已經用到很盡,他們未必承受得起樓價增加的壓力,所以一定是賣給有錢人的樓才有較大的價格升幅空間,因為有錢人買樓只用身家的一小部分。加上細單位如 400至500平方呎的上車盤,市場上很多,將來出售較困難。

----------------------------------

藝人買樓致富

容祖兒

進入樂壇10載,最愛買豪宅,持有過億元物業,有「歌壇富婆」之稱。除了於今年買入英皇新盤「維壹」外,早前更以1,900萬元買入鰂魚涌一個700平方 呎的舖位。據報道,她於2009年共斥資6,579萬元,先後買入兩個豪宅單位,其中一間3,000萬元的豪宅,是以其母的名義購入。因為女兒工作繁忙, 容母亦擔任其投資軍師。

任達華

可說是演藝圈「樓王」,所持物業遍及全球10多個城市,包括香港、上海、北京、新加坡、馬來西亞、倫敦、廣州、佛山及美加等地,曾有報道指他有20多所物業。他亦曾向傳媒表示,在物業投資上未嘗損手。

楊千嬅

出名娛樂圈小富婆,原與家人同住的赤柱富豪海灣,由2003年以3,800萬元買入,於2009年以6,800萬元賣出,勁賺3,000萬元。據悉,她於 2009年斥資3,800萬元,先後在貝沙灣及大潭陽明山莊掃貨作投資用途。此外,她亦在澳門壹號湖畔買入3個總值逾3,000萬元的單位。

﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏﹏

汪明荃 Profile

˙62歲

˙已婚,2009年5月2日與粵劇名伶羅家英在美國拉斯維加斯成婚

˙1967年加入演藝界,現為無綫電視藝員

公職:

˙1998年至現在 全國政協委員

˙1988年至1998年 港區人大代表

˙現任香港電視專業人員協會榮譽主席及八和會館主席

榮譽:

˙2007年 獲香港城市大學頒發榮譽博士學位,並獲得世界傑出華人獎

˙1981年 當選香港十大傑出青年

部分高考5A狀元簡介

恒商 莊駿銘(商科)

  莊駿銘的母親在酒樓推車仔,父親在地盤做散工,家住大圍公屋,坦言「讀邊科都冇所謂,只要搵到錢就得」,他平日見父母賺錢辛苦,尤其父親夏天日曬雨淋,難免心痛,亦以此激勵自己努力讀書,未來供養父母。他表示除返學外,其餘時間也花在讀書上,會考慮入讀中大或科大的環球商業,因可裝備自己成為管理人才。

恒商 蔡文軒(商科)

  「我以律政司司長黃仁龍為榜樣,佢係皇仁師兄,能言善辯,同埋好有自己清晰目標,令我好啟發」。原為「皇仁仔」的蔡文軒,會考29分,因想讀全商科毅然轉讀,希望以商業的知識輔助自己在法律界發展,並矢志入讀港大法律系,「我對香港法制好有興趣,尤其係香港作為前殖民地司法制度」。他認為成績優異的秘訣是不怕醜,多發問。而孝順父母的文軒,亦打算兼職補習,減少父母負擔。

恒商 鍾宛霖(商科)

  原讀理科的鍾宛霖會考29分,最感激英文科老師,平時與其亦師亦友,指老師在學習上給予很多支持和鼓勵,原就讀跑馬地聖保祿中學的宛霖,打算選讀港大新聞系,認為當記者很有使命感,又可鍛煉英文寫作機會,而錢鋼著作的報告文學《唐山大地震》,亦令她對新聞工作更加深刻及嚮往,而她平時亦十分留意國際及本地時事新聞。

恒商 梁展程(商科)

  梁展程的父親任文員,母親是家庭主婦,原就讀屯門呂祥光中學,會考5A3D,由於以往唸中文中學,坦言自己英文根基不夠好,是次高考英語運用獲B級成績,特別令他心滿意足,又表示要特別感謝恒商,給予其很多資源,讓他在兩年間提升英語水平。他又指自己讀書的策略是必須先理解內容,不能死記硬背,試前亦要做好預備工夫,而他每一科都做了四至五年歷屆試題,她計劃到港大攻讀工商管理及法律雙學位。

恒商 馬逸思(商科)

  會考只有3A的馬逸思,坦言沒有預計今次成績卓越,原已報讀加拿大英屬哥倫比亞大學(UBC)的心理學,現後悔沒有報讀牛津及劍僑等一級大學,不諱言會更改升學途徑,而本地聯招她則選讀擇了港大法律系。她的父親是公務員,母親在城大學生事務署任職,以前就讀聖保祿中學,而她是家中獨女,幼承庭訓,父親從小要她背誦唐詩300首,培養其語文基礎,對她可謂悉心栽培。

恒商 潘嘉麒(商科)

  潘嘉麒會考時27分, 指自己的讀書心得是「唔明睇到明」,遇到不理解的課文內容,不要把問題留過夜,必須即時弄個明白,而有時自己功課做不好,更會重做一次,做到滿意為止,以訓練自己的精益求精。嘉麒的備戰策略,還包括狂操試題,自己就合共做了15年歷屆試題,而他以中大去年收生要求最高的環球商業學為首選。

恒商 黃雅萍(商科)

  奪得5A喜出望外,原預期只有兩或三個A,原在聖羅撒中學讀文商科的雅萍,會考獲29分,因為一心希望投身商界,故轉讀恒商。「由細到大都覺得商科好玩,錢只係其中一個原因。」考獲佳績,雅萍謂最要感謝父母的支持,因為他們從來沒有給予她壓力,反而鼓勵她,聽她訴苦,更指即使她一個A都沒有,仍會覺得她是最好的。她又謂要感謝學校強烈的讀書氣氛,令她不敢鬆懈,長期保持最佳狀態,最終考獲佳績。

恒商 黃善彤(商科)

  會考考獲26分的黃善彤,聖公會曾肇添中學畢業,原本讀理科的她,因為覺得商科比較實際,於是抱一試無妨的心態,入讀恒生商學院,對於自己奪得5A感到十分意外,她謂原本只預計有2A或3A,她謂要特別多謝同班同學,在考試時組成學習小組,各人取長補短,互相學習,令溫書時更事半功倍。雖然她主修商科,她希望入讀中大翻譯系,因為在會考時已對語文產生很大興趣。

恒商 易熙(商科)

  原就讀華仁書院的易熙小學時有口吃毛病,說話一個字會重複六、七次,與人溝通有障礙,中學時期靠意志克服困難,「我知如果同人溝通有問題,社會好難生存」。努力改善口吃的熙,中文及英文口試分別獲A及C級,坦言格外開心。他又認為讀書最重要明白課本背後的意思,便「一理通百理明」,平日則會聽歌減壓,而最愛的作家是金庸,「我覺得佢武俠小說,除文筆犀利,亦有如上一堂道德課,教曉我好多做人道理」。

恒商 張詩蔚(商科)

  希望入讀科大環球管理的張詩蔚,計劃在港完成學士課程後到外國升讀碩士,認為讀書最重要是時間管理,除不斷努力外,還要有適當休息,而她平時除彈琴及看書,還會聽流行音樂減壓,指LadyGaGa的勁舞音樂令其即時「醒神」,而她又不時上網瀏覽內地的網站,欣賞別人的文章以從中「偷師」。對於奪得佳績,她最想感謝祖母的栽培,「佢由幼稚園開始,已經灌輸我讀書重要性,會同我練習老師遊戲」。

恒商 李君兒(商科)

  原估計自己最多只有2A的李君兒,會考唸理科考獲28分,表示平日不時與同學交流,又要對自己有信心,而她準備考試的過程不算太辛苦,只是試過放學回家太累,忍不住要休息,半夜凌晨二、三時才爬起床溫習,笑指知道這種習慣並不健康,但仍要不時鞭策自己。而考獲佳績,最想感謝家人的鼓勵和零壓力,而她想升報讀中大及科大的商科課程。

恒商 譚梅玲(商科)

  譚梅玲會考29分,最感謝家人等支持,又指在家溫書時,家人也會盡量配合,製造舒適的讀書環境,而她對自己一班出了六個5A狀元特別高興,指同學的團結,陪伴她渡過高考歲月,各人平時互相以短訊鼓勵,在宿舍亦會互相鞭策溫習。梅玲打算攻讀港大的環球商業,表示讀商科是興趣,港大有自我發揮的空間,而她亦考慮到英國讀經濟。

恒商 陳穎瑜(商科)

  原就讀拔萃女書院的陳穎瑜會考亦獲29分,中六時到親友律師樓實習,發現對法律有興趣,故決定修讀港大法律系,但亦可能英國升學。她認為考獲佳績,主因與多做練習有關,又透露自己做了超過10年的歷屆試題,不過溫書時不忘休息,平時會看電視及英文小說解悶,又感謝家人給予的空間,以及老師校長的教導,令她奪得喜出望外的佳績。

恒商 李嘉欣(商科)

  報考五科全奪A的李嘉欣,對成績坦言喜出望外,因會考時英文科考獲5級,相對較「差」,沒有預計有如此佳績,而她對探討社會議題感興趣,故想入讀中大新聞與傳播學院,認為亦可接觸廣告公關等不同傳媒範疇。她又指要考取好成績,就須找到一套屬於自己的讀書方法,如她在企業概論一科,就將老師派發的厚重筆記,新製作成自己的點列筆記,以方便溫習。

恒商 吳傲楠(商科)

  會考28 分的吳傲楠,平時喜愛閱讀經濟書籍,對投資亦有一番心得,以其眼光及研究,去年首次入市便有近二萬元斬獲,而他亦以前金管局主席任志剛為目標,指其對金融業影響甚大,非常值得學習。他又推薦一本名為《Freakonomics》的書,表示作者以日常生活例子解釋經濟理論,甚具參考價值,而其志願是入讀港大國際商業及環球管理課程,希望工作數年後可發展自己的生意。

英華女校 彭凱琪(文科)

  彭凱琪是今屆唯一文科五優狀元,坦言成績「冇預到咁好」,故喜出望外,而她兩年前會考只獲27 分未能「拔尖」,故這兩年將讀書放在首位,笑言自己「有點瘋狂」。不過,讀書壓力亦影響其情緒健康,而她透過做運動減壓,又感謝母親常「煲湯」鼓勵,另外她在修讀政府及公共事務科時,對政治產生濃厚興趣,期望日後從事相關工作,但未決定是否從政。

聖若瑟書院 葉琮澔(理科)

  葉琮澔中六學期結束才溫習,參與不少課外活動,包括籌辦134 周年校慶、慈善步行籌款及聖誕舞會,亦是排球校隊成員。他解釋希望在商界發展,故藉課外活動累積管理經驗,而他將科大及中大的環球商業學放在聯招名單首兩位。另外,他會考獲5A 5B,自言對未能達十優目標感失望,師長鼓勵他在高考中取5A彌補會考「失手」的遺憾,成為高考的一大動力。

拔萃女書院 何香婷(理、商科)

    出生小康家庭的何香婷,自小聽外祖父母講述內地農村生活,知悉貧富懸殊差距大,後受到兩名哈佛大學生協助青海農村村民的啟發,希望將來到內地發展慈善事業,而她擬入讀中大國際貿易與中國企業,相信對日後回內地工作有用。她又指自己不算持之以恆溫書,自小成績大起大落,人生左座銘來自聖經金句「應當一無掛慮」,溫習時從未感憂慮。

拔萃女書院 陳婉安(理、商科)

  陳婉安會考29 分,坦言未能拔尖令其更發奮,每日朝9 晚12 溫習,「希望凡事做到最好,所以經常畀壓力自己,試過溫到喊」。她指成績好與平日努力和宗教支持有關,其父母又不時鼓勵。她從小學習鋼琴和小提琴,現考獲八級成績,溫習辛苦時會拉奏樂器減壓,而她中化科雖只有B級,但已感滿意,期望入讀香港大學工商管理與法律雙學位,日後從事律師工作。